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Phylogenetic study of the Characinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)

Identifieur interne : 003862 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 003861; suivant : 003863

Phylogenetic study of the Characinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)

Auteurs : George M. T. Mattox [Brésil] ; Mônica Toledo-Piza [Brésil]

Source :

RBID : ISTEX:119786CE846869CC4B3A8147880F6E56CD5349B6

English descriptors

Abstract

The Characinae is a subunit of the Characidae of special significance in including Charax, the type genus of the family and the order Characiformes. Twelve genera and 79 species have been traditionally assigned to the Characinae, but the subfamily still lacks a phylogenetic diagnosis. Herein, a data matrix including 150 morphological characters and 64 taxa (35 species representing all genera of the Characinae and 29 included in other lineages within the Characiformes) was submitted to two cladistic analyses that differ in the inclusion/exclusion of Priocharax due to the difficulty of coding most of the character states in the miniature species of this genus. Both analyses resulted in a non‐monophyletic Characinae and this subfamily is herein restricted to only seven of the original 12 genera forming the clade (Phenacogaster((Charax Roeboides)(Acanthocharax(Cynopotamus(Acestrocephalus Galeocharax))))), which is supported by ten non‐ambiguous synapomorphies and is more closely related to other genera of the Characidae than those traditionally placed in the subfamily. A second clade includes the members of the tribe Heterocharacini (Lonchogenys(Heterocharax Hoplocharax)) as the sister‐group of Gnathocharax, supported by seven non‐ambiguous synapomorphies. This clade is more closely related to a taxon formed by Roestes and Gilbertolus based on seven non‐ambiguous synapomorphies. Results do not corroborate a close relationship between Roestes–Gilbertolus and the Cynodontinae. Inclusion of the genus Priocharax suggests that it is related more closely to the Heterocharacini, but the profound modifications in its anatomy possibly related to ontogenetic truncations obscure a better understanding of its relationships. A new classification of the Characinae and the Heterocharacinae is proposed.

Url:
DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00830.x


Affiliations:


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Le document en format XML

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<term>Acanthocharax</term>
<term>Acestrocephalus</term>
<term>Acestrorhynchus</term>
<term>Adductor</term>
<term>Adductor mandibulae</term>
<term>Affinis</term>
<term>Alatus</term>
<term>Alestidae</term>
<term>Amazona</term>
<term>Amazonicus</term>
<term>Anal</term>
<term>Anterior</term>
<term>Anterior ceratohyal</term>
<term>Anterior margin</term>
<term>Anterior portion</term>
<term>Anteriorly</term>
<term>Anteriormost</term>
<term>Anterodorsal</term>
<term>Anteroventral</term>
<term>Antorbital</term>
<term>Aphyocharax</term>
<term>Aponeurotic</term>
<term>Aponeurotic tissue</term>
<term>Arcus</term>
<term>Argenteus</term>
<term>Astyanax</term>
<term>Autapomorphies</term>
<term>Bifasciatus</term>
<term>Boulengerella</term>
<term>Brasiliensis</term>
<term>Bremer</term>
<term>Bremer support</term>
<term>Bres</term>
<term>Brycon</term>
<term>Bryconexodon</term>
<term>Bryconops</term>
<term>Buckup</term>
<term>Caudal</term>
<term>Centrum</term>
<term>Ceratobranchial</term>
<term>Ceratohyal</term>
<term>Characid</term>
<term>Characidae</term>
<term>Characiformes</term>
<term>Characiforms</term>
<term>Characinae</term>
<term>Charax</term>
<term>Charax gibbosus</term>
<term>Charax pauciradiatus</term>
<term>Cheirodon</term>
<term>Clade</term>
<term>Cleithrum</term>
<term>Concavity</term>
<term>Condei</term>
<term>Conical</term>
<term>Contralateral</term>
<term>Coracoid</term>
<term>Cynodon</term>
<term>Cynodontinae</term>
<term>Cynopotamus</term>
<term>Delimited</term>
<term>Dentary</term>
<term>Dentatus</term>
<term>Dientonito</term>
<term>Dilatator</term>
<term>Dilatator operculi</term>
<term>Dorsal</term>
<term>Dorsal margin</term>
<term>Dorsal surface</term>
<term>Dorsally</term>
<term>Ectopterygoid</term>
<term>Eigenmann</term>
<term>Endopterygoid</term>
<term>Entire length</term>
<term>Epioccipital</term>
<term>Ethmoid</term>
<term>Exodon</term>
<term>Fasciatus</term>
<term>Fenestra</term>
<term>Fossa</term>
<term>Franciscoensis</term>
<term>Galeocharax</term>
<term>Geisleri</term>
<term>Genus</term>
<term>Gibbosus</term>
<term>Gilbertolus</term>
<term>Gill rakers</term>
<term>Gnathocharax</term>
<term>Goethei</term>
<term>Gulo</term>
<term>Guyanensis</term>
<term>Gymnocorymbus</term>
<term>Hemiodus</term>
<term>Hepsetus</term>
<term>Heterocharacinae</term>
<term>Heterocharacini</term>
<term>Heterocharax</term>
<term>Hiatus</term>
<term>Hoplias</term>
<term>Hoplocharax</term>
<term>Hydrolycus</term>
<term>Hyomandibula</term>
<term>Hyphessobrycon</term>
<term>Hypurals</term>
<term>Iguanodectes</term>
<term>Ilisha</term>
<term>Infraorbital</term>
<term>Insertion</term>
<term>Interruptus</term>
<term>Juruenae</term>
<term>Kincaidi</term>
<term>Lamella</term>
<term>Lamellar</term>
<term>Laminar</term>
<term>Lateral</term>
<term>Lateral ethmoid</term>
<term>Lateral view</term>
<term>Laterally</term>
<term>Lateristriga</term>
<term>Laterosensory</term>
<term>Laterosensory canal</term>
<term>Levator</term>
<term>Levator arcus palatini</term>
<term>Levator operculi</term>
<term>Linnean</term>
<term>Linnean society</term>
<term>Lonchogenys</term>
<term>Lucena</term>
<term>Lucena menezes</term>
<term>Malabarba</term>
<term>Malabaricus</term>
<term>Mamilliform</term>
<term>Mandibulae</term>
<term>Mattox</term>
<term>Maxilla</term>
<term>Medial</term>
<term>Medially</term>
<term>Menezes</term>
<term>Mesethmoid</term>
<term>Metapterygoid</term>
<term>Microlepis</term>
<term>Mimagoniates</term>
<term>Mirande</term>
<term>Molossus</term>
<term>Monophyletic</term>
<term>Monophyly</term>
<term>Myersii</term>
<term>Mzusp</term>
<term>Neotropical</term>
<term>Neurocranium</term>
<term>Occidentalis</term>
<term>Odoe</term>
<term>Odontostilbe</term>
<term>Oligosarcus</term>
<term>Opercle</term>
<term>Operculi</term>
<term>Orbitosphenoid</term>
<term>Ostariophysi</term>
<term>Other lineages</term>
<term>Palatini</term>
<term>Paradoxus</term>
<term>Paranensis</term>
<term>Parasphenoid</term>
<term>Pauciradiatus</term>
<term>Paulo</term>
<term>Pectoral</term>
<term>Pelvic bone</term>
<term>Phenacogaster</term>
<term>Phylogenetic</term>
<term>Phylogeny</term>
<term>Postcleithrum</term>
<term>Posterior margin</term>
<term>Posterior portion</term>
<term>Posteriorly</term>
<term>Posterodorsal</term>
<term>Posteroventral</term>
<term>Posteroventral margin</term>
<term>Premaxilla</term>
<term>Preopercle</term>
<term>Present study</term>
<term>Priocharax</term>
<term>Pseudotympanum</term>
<term>Pterotic</term>
<term>Quadrate</term>
<term>Rakers</term>
<term>Rhaphiodon</term>
<term>Rhombeus</term>
<term>Roeboexodon</term>
<term>Roeboides</term>
<term>Roestes</term>
<term>Salminus</term>
<term>Scomberoides</term>
<term>Semitaeniatus</term>
<term>Sensu</term>
<term>Septenarius</term>
<term>Serrasalmus</term>
<term>Serrasalmus rhombeus</term>
<term>Shes</term>
<term>Similar condition</term>
<term>Sphenotic</term>
<term>Spilurus</term>
<term>Spiniform</term>
<term>Steindachneri</term>
<term>Stenopterus</term>
<term>Subfamily</term>
<term>Supraoccipital</term>
<term>Suspensorium</term>
<term>Synapomorphic</term>
<term>Synapomorphies</term>
<term>Synapomorphy</term>
<term>Taxon</term>
<term>Teleostei</term>
<term>Ternetzi</term>
<term>Tetragonopterus</term>
<term>Tocantinensis</term>
<term>Tocantins</term>
<term>Unordered</term>
<term>Vari</term>
<term>Ventral</term>
<term>Ventral margin</term>
<term>Ventral surface</term>
<term>Ventrally</term>
<term>Vertebra</term>
<term>Virgulatus</term>
<term>Weitzman</term>
<term>Weitzman vari</term>
<term>Xenocharax</term>
<term>Xenodon</term>
<term>Zanata</term>
<term>Zanata vari</term>
<term>Zoological</term>
<term>Zoological journal</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en">
<term>Acanthocharax</term>
<term>Acestrocephalus</term>
<term>Acestrorhynchus</term>
<term>Adductor</term>
<term>Adductor mandibulae</term>
<term>Affinis</term>
<term>Alatus</term>
<term>Alestidae</term>
<term>Amazona</term>
<term>Amazonicus</term>
<term>Anal</term>
<term>Anterior</term>
<term>Anterior ceratohyal</term>
<term>Anterior margin</term>
<term>Anterior portion</term>
<term>Anteriorly</term>
<term>Anteriormost</term>
<term>Anterodorsal</term>
<term>Anteroventral</term>
<term>Antorbital</term>
<term>Aphyocharax</term>
<term>Aponeurotic</term>
<term>Aponeurotic tissue</term>
<term>Arcus</term>
<term>Argenteus</term>
<term>Astyanax</term>
<term>Autapomorphies</term>
<term>Bifasciatus</term>
<term>Boulengerella</term>
<term>Brasiliensis</term>
<term>Bremer</term>
<term>Bremer support</term>
<term>Bres</term>
<term>Brycon</term>
<term>Bryconexodon</term>
<term>Bryconops</term>
<term>Buckup</term>
<term>Caudal</term>
<term>Centrum</term>
<term>Ceratobranchial</term>
<term>Ceratohyal</term>
<term>Characid</term>
<term>Characidae</term>
<term>Characiformes</term>
<term>Characiforms</term>
<term>Characinae</term>
<term>Charax</term>
<term>Charax gibbosus</term>
<term>Charax pauciradiatus</term>
<term>Cheirodon</term>
<term>Clade</term>
<term>Cleithrum</term>
<term>Concavity</term>
<term>Condei</term>
<term>Conical</term>
<term>Contralateral</term>
<term>Coracoid</term>
<term>Cynodon</term>
<term>Cynodontinae</term>
<term>Cynopotamus</term>
<term>Delimited</term>
<term>Dentary</term>
<term>Dentatus</term>
<term>Dientonito</term>
<term>Dilatator</term>
<term>Dilatator operculi</term>
<term>Dorsal</term>
<term>Dorsal margin</term>
<term>Dorsal surface</term>
<term>Dorsally</term>
<term>Ectopterygoid</term>
<term>Eigenmann</term>
<term>Endopterygoid</term>
<term>Entire length</term>
<term>Epioccipital</term>
<term>Ethmoid</term>
<term>Exodon</term>
<term>Fasciatus</term>
<term>Fenestra</term>
<term>Fossa</term>
<term>Franciscoensis</term>
<term>Galeocharax</term>
<term>Geisleri</term>
<term>Genus</term>
<term>Gibbosus</term>
<term>Gilbertolus</term>
<term>Gill rakers</term>
<term>Gnathocharax</term>
<term>Goethei</term>
<term>Gulo</term>
<term>Guyanensis</term>
<term>Gymnocorymbus</term>
<term>Hemiodus</term>
<term>Hepsetus</term>
<term>Heterocharacinae</term>
<term>Heterocharacini</term>
<term>Heterocharax</term>
<term>Hiatus</term>
<term>Hoplias</term>
<term>Hoplocharax</term>
<term>Hydrolycus</term>
<term>Hyomandibula</term>
<term>Hyphessobrycon</term>
<term>Hypurals</term>
<term>Iguanodectes</term>
<term>Ilisha</term>
<term>Infraorbital</term>
<term>Insertion</term>
<term>Interruptus</term>
<term>Juruenae</term>
<term>Kincaidi</term>
<term>Lamella</term>
<term>Lamellar</term>
<term>Laminar</term>
<term>Lateral</term>
<term>Lateral ethmoid</term>
<term>Lateral view</term>
<term>Laterally</term>
<term>Lateristriga</term>
<term>Laterosensory</term>
<term>Laterosensory canal</term>
<term>Levator</term>
<term>Levator arcus palatini</term>
<term>Levator operculi</term>
<term>Linnean</term>
<term>Linnean society</term>
<term>Lonchogenys</term>
<term>Lucena</term>
<term>Lucena menezes</term>
<term>Malabarba</term>
<term>Malabaricus</term>
<term>Mamilliform</term>
<term>Mandibulae</term>
<term>Mattox</term>
<term>Maxilla</term>
<term>Medial</term>
<term>Medially</term>
<term>Menezes</term>
<term>Mesethmoid</term>
<term>Metapterygoid</term>
<term>Microlepis</term>
<term>Mimagoniates</term>
<term>Mirande</term>
<term>Molossus</term>
<term>Monophyletic</term>
<term>Monophyly</term>
<term>Myersii</term>
<term>Mzusp</term>
<term>Neotropical</term>
<term>Neurocranium</term>
<term>Occidentalis</term>
<term>Odoe</term>
<term>Odontostilbe</term>
<term>Oligosarcus</term>
<term>Opercle</term>
<term>Operculi</term>
<term>Orbitosphenoid</term>
<term>Ostariophysi</term>
<term>Other lineages</term>
<term>Palatini</term>
<term>Paradoxus</term>
<term>Paranensis</term>
<term>Parasphenoid</term>
<term>Pauciradiatus</term>
<term>Paulo</term>
<term>Pectoral</term>
<term>Pelvic bone</term>
<term>Phenacogaster</term>
<term>Phylogenetic</term>
<term>Phylogeny</term>
<term>Postcleithrum</term>
<term>Posterior margin</term>
<term>Posterior portion</term>
<term>Posteriorly</term>
<term>Posterodorsal</term>
<term>Posteroventral</term>
<term>Posteroventral margin</term>
<term>Premaxilla</term>
<term>Preopercle</term>
<term>Present study</term>
<term>Priocharax</term>
<term>Pseudotympanum</term>
<term>Pterotic</term>
<term>Quadrate</term>
<term>Rakers</term>
<term>Rhaphiodon</term>
<term>Rhombeus</term>
<term>Roeboexodon</term>
<term>Roeboides</term>
<term>Roestes</term>
<term>Salminus</term>
<term>Scomberoides</term>
<term>Semitaeniatus</term>
<term>Sensu</term>
<term>Septenarius</term>
<term>Serrasalmus</term>
<term>Serrasalmus rhombeus</term>
<term>Shes</term>
<term>Similar condition</term>
<term>Sphenotic</term>
<term>Spilurus</term>
<term>Spiniform</term>
<term>Steindachneri</term>
<term>Stenopterus</term>
<term>Subfamily</term>
<term>Supraoccipital</term>
<term>Suspensorium</term>
<term>Synapomorphic</term>
<term>Synapomorphies</term>
<term>Synapomorphy</term>
<term>Taxon</term>
<term>Teleostei</term>
<term>Ternetzi</term>
<term>Tetragonopterus</term>
<term>Tocantinensis</term>
<term>Tocantins</term>
<term>Unordered</term>
<term>Vari</term>
<term>Ventral</term>
<term>Ventral margin</term>
<term>Ventral surface</term>
<term>Ventrally</term>
<term>Vertebra</term>
<term>Virgulatus</term>
<term>Weitzman</term>
<term>Weitzman vari</term>
<term>Xenocharax</term>
<term>Xenodon</term>
<term>Zanata</term>
<term>Zanata vari</term>
<term>Zoological</term>
<term>Zoological journal</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
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<front>
<div type="abstract">The Characinae is a subunit of the Characidae of special significance in including Charax, the type genus of the family and the order Characiformes. Twelve genera and 79 species have been traditionally assigned to the Characinae, but the subfamily still lacks a phylogenetic diagnosis. Herein, a data matrix including 150 morphological characters and 64 taxa (35 species representing all genera of the Characinae and 29 included in other lineages within the Characiformes) was submitted to two cladistic analyses that differ in the inclusion/exclusion of Priocharax due to the difficulty of coding most of the character states in the miniature species of this genus. Both analyses resulted in a non‐monophyletic Characinae and this subfamily is herein restricted to only seven of the original 12 genera forming the clade (Phenacogaster((Charax Roeboides)(Acanthocharax(Cynopotamus(Acestrocephalus Galeocharax))))), which is supported by ten non‐ambiguous synapomorphies and is more closely related to other genera of the Characidae than those traditionally placed in the subfamily. A second clade includes the members of the tribe Heterocharacini (Lonchogenys(Heterocharax Hoplocharax)) as the sister‐group of Gnathocharax, supported by seven non‐ambiguous synapomorphies. This clade is more closely related to a taxon formed by Roestes and Gilbertolus based on seven non‐ambiguous synapomorphies. Results do not corroborate a close relationship between Roestes–Gilbertolus and the Cynodontinae. Inclusion of the genus Priocharax suggests that it is related more closely to the Heterocharacini, but the profound modifications in its anatomy possibly related to ontogenetic truncations obscure a better understanding of its relationships. A new classification of the Characinae and the Heterocharacinae is proposed.</div>
</front>
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<affiliations>
<list>
<country>
<li>Brésil</li>
</country>
<region>
<li>État de São Paulo</li>
</region>
<settlement>
<li>São Paulo</li>
</settlement>
<orgName>
<li>Université de São Paulo</li>
</orgName>
</list>
<tree>
<country name="Brésil">
<region name="État de São Paulo">
<name sortKey="Mattox, George M T" sort="Mattox, George M T" uniqKey="Mattox G" first="George M. T." last="Mattox">George M. T. Mattox</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Mattox, George M T" sort="Mattox, George M T" uniqKey="Mattox G" first="George M. T." last="Mattox">George M. T. Mattox</name>
<name sortKey="Toledo Iza, Monica" sort="Toledo Iza, Monica" uniqKey="Toledo Iza M" first="Mônica" last="Toledo-Piza">Mônica Toledo-Piza</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>

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